Wednesday, February 15, 2023

What Happened to Elsey, Johnson, Frances and George - the Enslaved of George W Keels


Will of George W Keels
As I research for my own tree I often find wills and other documents giving details about the enslaved, so I make notes.  That's the case with a recent will that I shared here and in one of my favorite Facebook groups.  I was researching the Muldrow family in Sumter County, South Carolina and a related Brockinton family in Williamsburg County.  That led to the will of George W Keels in which he bequeathed freedom to some of his enslaved.  

At the time of my Facebook post all I had was the will.  And I added that I wondered if Elsey and her children actually realized freedom.  That question wouldn't let go of me.  Here's what I've found so far, including a lot of background information.

This is like trying to follow a spider web. Where to start? And seemingly impossible to follow one thread without any detours.   First, a repeat of the will:

Will of George W Keels - Williamsburgh Dist SC - Written 17 Feb 1834

Item... I give and bequeath unto ELSY and her three children JOHNSON, FRANCES and GEORGE their freedom also twenty head stock cattle, my stock hogs, the plantation or tract of land whereon they now reside and the household and kitchen furniture which on said plantation with a request that my Executors hereafter named shall endeavor to have their freedom established.

Item   I give and bequeath unto my beloved daughter Julia Susannah Keels all the rest and residue of my Estate both real and personal.

Executors:  friends Morgan Sabb, Porter Oliver and Robert G Ferrill
Witnesses:  Francis B Nexson, Benjam Windam, G Gamble
Recorded 25 Feb 1834   Will Book B pg 89

Questions:

  1. Did Elsy and her children obtain their freedom?  What happened to the property she was bequeathed?
  2. Is it significant that Keels did not say "my Negro woman" Elsy and her three children?
  3. What is the significance of Keels reference to "the plantation or tract of land whereon they now reside?"  Did Elsy and her children live separately?
  4. Could Elsy be Native American?  While the Cherokee were death marched to Oklahoma territory, South Carolina allowed Native Americans to stay. 

Tragically, Elsey and her children did not gain their freedom until the end of the Civil War. In South Carolina, by 1820, an enslaved person could only be freed by an act of the legislature.  In 1822 free Blacks could not enter South Carolina and it was made illegal for the legislature to grant freedom.

In 1840 South Carolina enacted a Black Code which denied the enslaved the right to assemble, to produce food, to earn money, to learn to read and to possess any clothing but low quality garments.

Since the enslaved could own no property and there is no legal description of the tract of land where Elsy was living, it is not possible to trace the land granted to Elsy by George Keels. 

So, what happened to Elsy and her children?

George W Keels was born about 1801 and died Feb 1834 both in Williamsburg District, South Carolina.  He was the son of Isaac P Keels 1774-1822 and Susannah born about 1774 and died before 1821.    

George married Julia Susannah McDonald who died before 1830. They had one child, a daughter, Julia Susannah Keels.  She was born 1824 in Williamsburg District, South Carolina and died 6 Dec 1878 at Walhalla, Oconee County, South Carolina.  In 1841 she married Samuel Earle Maxwell. [see below]

1830 Census  Williamsburg Dist, SC  -  George W Keels
47 Slaves:  8 M under 10, 5 M 10-23, 3 M 24-35, 3 M 36-54, 1 M 55-99, 10 F under 10, 10 F 10-23, 2 F 24-35, 4 F 36-54, 1 F 55-99

1840 Census  Williamsburg Dist, SC  -  Estate of George W Keels
66 Slaves:  12 -  M under 10, 8 - M 10-23, 4 - M 24-35, 2 - M 55-99, 18 - F under 10, 14 - F 10-23, 6 - F 24-35, 2 - F 55-99.

There is no mention of George W Keels' estate in the 1850 Census.  In addition Elsey and her children are NOT listed in the Free Blacks and Mulattos list for the state of South Carolina.  I then checked the 1840 and 1850 censuses for Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana and Illinois and did not find them.

So I went back to the Keels family to see if I could find them still enslaved, but with some member of the Keels family.

George's father was Isaac Keels who was born 1774 in Summerton, Clarendon County, South Carolina and died before November 1822.  He was the son of John Keels 1750-1789 and Elizabeth Frierson 1745-1806.   Isaac married Susanna who was born about 1774 and died in 1721.

1790 Census Prince Fredericks, Georgetown, SC
7 Slaves

1820 Census Williamsburg Dist, SC
47 Slaves
:  11 M under 14, 8 M 14-25, 4 M 26-44, 3 M 45+, 12 F under 14, 1 F 14-25, 4 F 26-44, 4 F 45+.

Will of Isaac Keels - written 2 July 1821 
Recorded 8 Nov 1822 Williamsburg Dist SC  Will Bk B pg 24

...to wife Susanna Keels during her natural life all my Negroes, stock of horses, cattle and hogs with all my household and kitchen furniture and mansion house.

Item  to daughter Catherine Gamble... Negroes Sam, Simon, old Molly, Cassius, Bonu, Maria, young Molly...with future increase...to her heirs and assigns forever.

Item   to son Samuel John Keels... Negroes Adam, ELSEY, Henry, Dorcas, Flora, Nancy, and Charles with future increase of the Females... to his heirs and assigns forever.

Item... to son Isaac Keels Junior... Negroes Neptune, Rhena and her children Sophia, Kinlock; Hanny and her children Aaron, Maggy and future increase with this reserve the said Negroes after my death are to remain in the hands and possession of my Executors... and by them hired out or put to some labor and profits arising from such hire or labor is to go to the immediate support and maintenance of my son Isaac Keels. But should he died without issue the above named Negroes and their increase, to be equally divided among all my heirs then living.

Item   to grandchildren John Isaac, James Keels, and Peter R Keels the younger, the following Negroes Old Billy, Nancy and Nancy's children Ben, Susan, William, Monday, Fortune, Far Mootus, Sam and Levina with this reserve to be put into the hands and possession of Peter R Keels after my death and the hire of labor of said Negroes to go to the immediate support education and tuition of my said two grandchildren until they arrive to the age of 21.

Item... to son George W Keels... Negroes Mingo, Nelly and Nelly's children: Binkey, Siah, Lizza, Moses, Binah, Jack, Emma and Cuff to him and his heirs and assigns forever.

Item  My will and desire is that the above lots of Negroes so willed devised and bequeathed to my children except grand children, above named, be appraised, when my son George W Keels arrives to the age of 21 years; and in the case of any deaths of my Negroes or otherwise deficient in value the lots so deficient to be made equal with the highest appraised lot of Negroes, and all other property I may die possessed of whatsoever consisting in my will to be equally divided between my children Catharine Gamble, Samuel John Keels, Isaac Keels Junior, George W Keels and their heirs then living

Item  to son George W Keels the plantation or tract of land, lying and being situated on the NE side of McGirts Swamp in Williamsburg District whereon I now live with my dwelling house after my wife's death. 

Item   ...after my wife's death, ... all the Negroes, with my stock, household and kitchen furniture that may be on my plantation or in the possession of my said wife at her death to be equally divided between my children... and their heirs and representatives then living.
Executor: wife Susanna Keels, son Samuel John Keels, Morgan Sabb, William Salters
Witnesses:  Morgan Sabb, Joseph Holding, P M Oliver

Location of Keels Plantation in Williamsburg Dist SC

Thinking that the Elsey named in Isaac's will could have been the same Elsy named in George's will, I looked at Samuel John Keels. I also noted that the Elsey in Isaac's will may not have yet had children, which means Johnson, Frances and George may have been born after July 1821.

Samuel John Keels, son of Isaac Keels, was born about 1796 in South Carolina.  I have yet to find much information about him. At the time of the 1820 Census he had no wife, but 3 daughters less than 10 years old.
1820 Census   Williamsburg Dist, SC
15 Slaves
:  1 M under 14, 1 M 14-25, 2 M 45+, 6 F under 14, 4 F 14-25, 1 F 26-44.

In 1822 his father's bequest would add 7 enslaved.

It's possible that this is him in Charleston [and moving there would not be unusual for this family.] If it is him, he does not appear to still have Elsey and he has sold or otherwise reduced his number of enslaved.
1830 Census  Charleston Ward 4, Charleston, SC
3 Slaves:
  1 M 24-35, 1 M 36-54, 1 F 10-23

If Samuel died or moved to Charleston before 1830, it would be reasonable to theorize that his brother George purchased Elsey from him.  This assumes Isacc's Elsey is the same enslaved woman as George's Elsy.

 

However, thinking about how the enslaved were often moved around between family members, I then looked for information about Isaac's father and siblings.

John Keels, brother if Isaac Keels (father of George W Keels), was born about 1767 and died 28 Oct 1820 in Williamsburg County, South Carolina.  He married Mary [surname unknown.]

1790 Census Prince Fredericks, Georgetown SC
3 Slaves

1810 Census  Williamsburg SC
No Slaves

1820 Census  Williamsburg SC
29 Slaves:  6 M under 14, 2 M 14-25, 4 M 26-44, 1 M 45+, 8 F under 14, 3 F 14-25, 3 F 26-44, 2 F 45+

Will of John Keels - written 27 Apr 1818 - Williamsburg District, SC
Recorded 1 Dec 1820   Will Bk A pg 60-61
... to wife Mary Keels negro slaves ELSEY, Cain, Sary and her 2 children Betty and Washington with future increase...
Item   to my sons Peter R Keels, James W Keels, Richard T Keels and Robert F Keels I give and devise the whole of my real Estate to be equally divided among them share and share alike to them and their heirs and assigns forever
Item   to my only daughter Mary Maria Keels... choice of a negro girl to be selected by her from among the residue of my negroes not herein already bequeathed to her and her heirs forever
Item   all the rest and residue of my personal Estate I give to my said children...
Item   ... should any of my said children die leaving no children that then ... [their] share ... be divided among my said children surviving.
Executors:  sons Peter R Keels and James W Keels
Witnesses:  Benjiman Blanchard, Wm F Blanchard, Wm N McDonald

 

Daniel Jackson Keels, brother of Isaac and John Keels, was born 1772 and died 1857 in Sumter County, South Carolina.  He married Sarah E Player/Thayer 1779-1859

1800 Census Salem, Sumter Dist SC
No Slaves  (9 whites)

1820 Census Sumter Co SC
No Slaves  (6 whites)

1830 Census  Sumter Co SC
No Slaves  (4 whites)

1840 Census  Sumter Co SC
No Slaves  (8 whites)

19 Jul 1850  Sumter, Sumter, SC  Agriculture Schedule
15 acres

Daniel died 6 Apr 1851 with no will leaving a personal estate in Sumter Dist with about $500
Appraisal and Inventory of Estate  24 July 1851
1 Negro Man GEORGE  $600
Very small estate with farm necessitites.
Appraisors:  R H Fullwood, Thomas Chandler Sr, John Frierson, James Moore
Admin of Estate: Daniel Keels Jr, Ezekial Keels and William Keels Sr  -  Bond paid 14 June 1851

Articles sold of the Est of Daniel Keels  29 Dec 1856
Negro man GEORGE $530 to Harriet Keels

 

Peter Keels, brother of Isaac, John and Daniel Keels, was born 20 Sep 1776 in Georgetown District, and died 1810 in Charleston, South Carolina.  He married Catharine.

1800 Census Charleston, SC
No slaves;   5 white people:  2 M under 10, 1 M 26-44, 1 F under 10, 1 F 26-44.

Probate  31 Aug 1810  Charleston, SC
Peter was a shop keeper and died intestate. His widow Catharine was made Administrator on 31 Aug 1810. Admin sworn the value of the estate does not exceed $200 or 8000. [Unclear the way it's recorded.]

So far we have an Elsey mentioned:

  • John Keels will written 27 Apr 1818;  recorded 1 Dec 1820
  • Isaac Keels will written 2 July 1821;  recorded 8 Nov 1822
  • George W Keels will written 17 Feb 1834;  recorded 25 Feb 1834

Then I looked at George's Executors.  Of the three the only one I could find much of anything for is Morgan Sabb.  It adds what could be another twist to this story.  Morgan was born about 1774 and died 9 May 1847 and is buried in Rehoboth Cemetery, Claredon County, South Carolina.  He married #1 Mary Martha Lesesne who died 1830 and #2 Eliza Wheelden/Wheldon 1795-1850. Morgan owned property in Williamsburg and Sumter Districts, South Carolina.

1820 Census Williamsburg Dist SC
No Slaves

1830 Census Williamsburg Dist, SC
54 Slaves:   13 M under 10, 7 M 10-23, 7 M 24-35, 4 M 36-54, 1 M 55-99, 8 F under 10, 4 F 10-23, 8 F 24-35, 2 F 55-99

1840 Census Williamsburg Dist SC
63 Slaves: 12 M under 10, 11 M 10-23, 7 M 24-35, 4 M 55-99, 10 f under 10, 12 f 10-23, 2 f 24-35, 3 f 36-54, 2 f 55-99.

1840 Census Sumter, SC
21 Slaves: 5 M under 10, 1 M 10-23, 3 M 24-35, 1 M 36-54, 4 F under 10, 2 F 10-23, 2 F 24-35, 3 F 36-54

Will of Morgan Sabb  -  written 3 Apr 1847 - Sumter County, SC
Recorded 16 June 1847   Will Bk D 2 pg 224
[He gave all property in Sumter County to wife Eliza. Various other personal property to nephews. Williamsburg property be divided between the heirs of Peter M Oliver] EXCEPT FOR:
"It is my will and desire that my man Nero and his family shall be deliberated as far as the law will allow.  Namely his wife ELSEY, Nero, Thomas, Eliza, Morgan, Harriet, and Louisa. Dr S P Olivr and Benjamin R Oliver trustees for them"

13 July 1847 Inventory for Morgan Sabb, Sumter Dist
...
1 Negro man Jubiter  $550
1 Negro man Ben  $600
1 Negro man Toney  $600

14 July 1847 Inventory Appraisal   Williamsburg District SC
1 Negro Woman ELSEY and 6 children  [*no mention of adult Nero]
Elsey $200
Nero $350
Tomas $250
Eliza $250
Morgan $150
Harriet $100
Louisa $75 = $1375

1 Negro Woman Amaritta $200
Walley $400
Flora $400
hestor $250
Jane $260
Betty $175
William $100 = $1987

Old Bess $200
Roxcener $400
young Bess $350
Patty $200
Joffney $100
Sam $550
Esaw $450
Temby $150
Daniel $400 = $2800

Young York $400
Able $600
Joe $650
Jacob $50
Bob $400
Billy $300
Sharper $250
Sarah $150
Mariah $400 = $3400

Margarette $400
John $350
Venus $250
Cesar $150
Louis $125
Mary $125
Cisroe $100 = $1500

Old York and old Mary Ann $25  Expense for year. Each.
... more property
Appraisers:  James Staggers, James W Keels, Thos China

15 Jan 1848 filed with the court - Bills of Sale
Sold to Mrs. Eliza Sabb, widow of Morgan - Negro ELSEY & 7 children: Nero, Thomas, Eliza, Morgan, Harriet, Louisa and Mary   $1810  [No mention of the father Nero]

15 Jan 1848  Amount of the hire of the Negroes belonging to the Estate of Morgan Sabb Decd
To Samuel Guild:
   Sam $50
   Jane  $15
   Venus  $13
To J M Staggers
   York  $53
   Roxana  $30
   Flora  $30
To C Mitchner?
   Esau  $50
   Jacob  $5
To Mrs L Baxter
   Daniel  $55
To George W Hodge
   Walley $50.50
   Hectors  $6
to W Johnson
   Abel  $55
to Dr J MaCauley
   Joe  $50
   John  $20
to Benj Windham
   Teneby  $31
to A A Mitcher
   Bob  $31
to Andrew Mitte   
   Bob  $31
to C A  Screrie?
   Bess  $30
to John Baggete
   Patty  $40
to D Jones
   Amarita  $30

These records go thru 1855

Could this be Elsey with siblings of the older Johnson, Frances and George?  Or did Elsey end up with George W Keels' daughter?


George's will gives his entire estate (excepting freedom and property to Elsey) to Julia Susannah Keels, daughter of George W Keels 1801-1834 and Julia Susannah McDonald, was born 1824 in Williamsburg County, South Carolina and died 6 Dec 1878 at Walhalla, Oconee County, South Carolina.

Julia married Samuel Earle Maxwell who was born 1818 at River Place, Pickens County, South Carolina and died 19 Oct 1884 at Walhalla, Oconee, South Carolina.  He was the son of John Maxwell 1791-1870 [s/o Robert Maxwell 1753-1797 and Mary Anderson 1766-1837] and Elizabeth Hampton Earle 1801-1872.

Samuel Maxwell was a Planter and owned Maxwell Bottom Plantation and Toxaway Plantation on the Tugaloo River.  In 1850 the family lived in the Western Division, Anderson County, South Carolina.

1850 Slave Schedule  Western Division, Anderson, SC
12 Slaves:  70 F, 32 M, 26 F, 25 M, 18 F, 16 F, 15 M, 10 M, 8 M, 5 M, 2 M, 3/12 F

1850 Slave Schedule  Western Division, Pickens, SC
66 Slaves:  70 F, 55 M, 40 M, 35 M, 35 M, 35 F, 35 F, 35 F, 35 F, 35 F, 35 F, 35 F, 6 - 25 F, 17 M, 18 M, 19 M, 29 F, 21 F, 16 F, 16 M, 13 M, 14 M, 4 - 14 F , 3 -11 f, 10 M, 10 M, 10 F, 10 F, 8 M, 3-9 M, 4-8 F, 3-6 M, 2 - 6 F, 5 - 5 M,  3 - 4 M, 3 - 4 F, 3 F, 3 M, 2 M, 1 M, 1 F

In 1860 they lived at Pendleton, Anderson County, South Carolina and were listed with a Real Estate Value of $30,000 and Personal Estate valued at $140,000.

1860 Slave Schedule   Pendleton, Anderson, SC
16 Slaves:  M 35, F 34, M 30, F 24, M 19, F 13, M 12, M 12, F 10, M 9, M 1, M 6/12, F 6/12, F 7, F 6, F 4.

1860 Slave Schedule   2nd Regt. Pickens County, SC
114 Slaves:  F 26, F 14, F 5, F 19, F 3, F 1, F 31, F 29, F 13, F 12, F 8, F 5, F 2/12, F 4, F 1, F 36, F 50, F 10, F 27, F 26, F 12, F 8, F 10, F 6, F 7, F 1, F 29, M 20, F 10, F 13, F 7, M 75, F 9, M 15, M 13, M 11, M 19, M 16, M 28, M 4, M 3, M 2, M 12, M 1, M 10, M 6, M 27, M 17, M 13, M 22, M 16, M 14, M 9, M 28, M 5, M 3, M 97, M 3, M 9, M 23, M 1, M 24, M 4, M 57, M 16, M 12, M 12, M 23, M 5, M 3, M 6/12, M 8/12, M 1, M 38, M 6, M 3, M 53, M 15, M 9, M 52, M 14, M 9, F 18, F 18, M 2, F 13, M 4/12, F 75, M 6/12, F 45, F 45, F 19, F 45, F 15, F 21, F 16, F 2, F 3, F 23, F 47, F 1, F 14, F 25, F 11, F 7, F 4, F 78, F 6, F 17, F 3/12, F 20, F 18, F 27, F 2, F 20

On 27 Sep 1865 Samuel Maxwell and 73 workers signed a contract with the Freedmen's Bureau in Anderson County, South Carolina.  Workers were to receive:  their patches, 1/2 of the rice raised on the plantation, 100 bushels of corn of the crop made this season, plus rations, material for clothing, shoes and medical attendance.  The contract was signed at Toxaway Plantation:

November
Margaret
Tenus Maxwell  - see below for more information about this man
Mary Maxwell - wife of Tenus
Waster
Eliza
?piaay
Kezzie
Billy
Milly
Nancy
Hester
Tillie
July Keels
Providence
Silvy
Sandy
Ginger
February
Tuesday
Wednesday Keels
Tice
Cuff
August
Monday
Pompey Keels
Molly
Adaline
Cinda
Tams/Tom
Dafney
Primus
Tener / Tena Frierson - see note below
Jack
Kate
October Goodine
Flora
Margaret
Saturday
Handy
Biner
Louisa
ELSY
Henry
September
Becka
Josh Reed
Binkey Reed - wife of Josh
January
Sarah
Malvena
Chany
Ida
Amos
Jack
Peggy
Mingo
Harriet
March
December
Thursday
Limene
Caesar
Rachel
May
Minda
Venus
Charley
FRANCES
GEORGE

Sunday
Bonus
Bettie
** Surnames taken later: Keels, Goodine, Maxwell.  Note: very few of Samuel Maxwell's formerly enslaved took the surname Maxwell.
** When Tena Frierson died in September 1872 it was reported she was over 100 years old and had been with the white Maxwells since 1811 and earlier with Major Keels, Maxwell's father-in-law. Maxwell praised her "irreproachable character for honesty, fidelity and truth." She still lived with the Maxwells.  [African American Life in South Carolina's Upper Piedmont 1780-1900 by W J Megginson.]

1865 Freedmen's Bureau Contract with Samuel Maxwell

No sign (so far) of Elsey, Johnson, Frances or George in the 1870 and 1880 Censuses.

1870 Census  Tugaloo, Oconne, SC  -  Post Office is Walhalla
Maxwell, Samuel -White-   farmer   Real Est Val $6500  Pers Est Val $500

Next door:
Maxwell, F L [Samuel's son] -White- 25, farmer Real Est Val $3500  Personal Est Val $100
   wife Kate 23  bSC
   dau Kate  3
   dau Nanny  7/12

Next door:
Maxwell, Robert -Black- 27 Farm laborer
   wife [name is blank] 23

Next door:
Keels, Wednesday -Black- 23  farm laborer
   wife Hannah 20
   son Frank  13
   son George K  7/12

Next door:
Maxwell, Tennell / Tenus - Black - 50 farm laborer Real Est Val $135  Pers Est Val $335
   wife Mary  50
   son B T  18
   dau Clarissa  16
   son Adam T  11
Tenah   100  bVA   [this is probably Tenah Frierson]

Next door:
Reed, Lucy  - Black - 32
   dau Amelia  6
Keels Anaz  5
Keels, Liza  6

Next Page:
Keels, Fuller -Black - 65 female
   Silvy  25

Next door:
Keels, Emery  - Black - 27

Same house but separate family:
Keels, Dendy  -Black - 35 farmer
  wife Betty  26
   dau Mary  6
   Lena  4
   Mary  2
   Johm  6/12

Next door:
Keels, July -Black- 30  farmer
   wife Rebecky  18
   son Mingo  2
Next page begins all whites.

In 1871 Samuel sold 817 acres to G K Keels in exchange for canceling a debt owed by Samuel of $1250.24.  This is the same land sold to Tenus Maxwell who paid $400 more. Oconne Deed Book B p130; Deed Book D p325.

When Samuel sold the 817 acres, he still had 3,000 and noted "there being now 14 families on the place."

In 1874 Tenus Maxwell (formerly enslaved of Samuel Maxwell) purchased 817 acres of Toxaway Plantation for $1800. He'd registered to vote in October 1867 and ran for county commissioner in 1874 and lost.  He was a preacher, built a church on his land and died 1885. All of his adult children had moved to Georgia.  The Toxaway Cemetery is reached only by 4 x 4, but directions are at the bottom of this post.

1880 Census  Tugaloo, Oconee, SC

Maxwell, Samuel - White - 65  Farmer  Living alone

Previous page so a few houses away:
Keels, July - Black - 35 Farm Laborer
  wife Rebecca  30
  Mingo  12
   Roxie  8
   Perry  6
   Carrie  3
   Sissie bOct 1879

About 3 houses away:
Reed, Joshua  - Black - 70  Farmer  [Could be Keels]
   wife Binky  70
   dau Ida  20
   dau Muly  16
   dau Lucy  45

Next door:
Keels, Pompey  -Black - 55  farm laborer
   wife Betty  45
   dau Sooky  16  farm laborer
   son Monroe  15  farm laborer
  dau Billah / Binah  13

Next door:
Maxwell, Tennel/Tenus  - Black - 62  Farmer 
   wife Mary 50
   Adam 22 Mulatto  nephew
   Alfred  21  nephew
  Johnson  14  nephew
  James 10 nephew
   Malissa  16 niece
   Emily  15 niece
   Nelly  14  niece
   Sarah  40 niece
   Hagar  9 niece

2 doors away:
Maxwell, Frank - White - 35  Farmer  [s/o Samuel & Julia Maxwell]
   wife  Kate  33
   Katie  12
   Nannie  10
   George  8
   Franklin? 6
   Julia  4
   Annie  2


I hadn't found any mention of Johnson Keels until I considered that Elsey and her children may have been Native American.  There are many listings in the Choctow and Chickasaw Nation related to a Johnson Keels who died 1 Dec 1903.  He may have been the grandson of Elsey.  This Johnson Keels was married to Alice and when she applied for land in Indian Territory her address was Oconee County, South Carolina. 

Johnson Keels was enrolled as a citizen by blood of the Chickasaw Nation on 12 Dec 1902, approved by the US Secretary of the Interior. He was entitled to land but had not selected it for himself before his death in 1903.  His widow was granted 160 acres in Oklahoma (legal description and detailed maps available from the Chaloklowa Chickasaw headquartered in Indiantown, South Carolina)  Johnson and Alice had a daughter Eula who also applied for land as a minor and was granted 170 acres on 16 Jan 1904.

It's possible that the George Keels listed in the Agriculture Schedule 19 June 1880 in Hope, Williamsburg County, South Carolina with 25 acres is the son of Elsy.  To date I've found no other information, other than the 1865 Freedmen's Bureau contract.

Map showing a portion of Toxaway Plantation

The Toxaway Plantation cemetery is located at: Latitude N34 40.948   Longitude W83 11.604  and is located on that portion of the plantation that was purchased by Tenus Maxwell in 1874.
 
Directions:
  • Locate intersection of Highways 76 & 123.
  • Drive 4.9 miles W on Highway 76.
  • Turn left on Welcome Church Road and drive 1.3 miles NW.
  • Turn right on Wilderness Trail and drive 0.3 miles W.
  • Camp Office is at the end of this road.
  • There is a cemetery path to the left of the office as you face it.
  • There is a dirt road on the left just before you come to the office.
  • You MUST USE a 4x4 vehicle when driving down this road!
  • Drive 0.3 miles until you come to a intersecting dirt road on the right.
  • Cemetery is on a hill to the right of this intersection.


Thursday, February 2, 2023

The Enslaved of Robert Boyd Muldrow and William James Muldrow in Sumter County, South Carolina

William JW Muldrow, Enslaver

Robert Boyd Muldrow was born 3 Sep 1819 and died 5 Nov 1857, both in Sumter County, South Carolina.  He was the son of Dr Robert Muldrow 1786-1853 and Margaret Frierson Bradley 1794-1836.  His father, in addition to his brothers Warren Arthur Muldrow, George Cooper Muldrow and William James Muldrow, held many enslaved.

Robert married Janette Leonora Montgomery who was born 5 Dec 1820 in Sumter County, South Carolina and died 23 Nov 1899 near Mayesville, South Carolina.  She was the daughter of Joseph Montgomery 1793-1861 and Elizabeth McFaddin 1801-1837.

1840 Census  Sumter, SC
52 Slaves
: 6 M under 10, 14 M 10-23, 6 M 24-35, 3 M 36054, 1 M 55-99, 4 F under 10, 13 F 10-23, 4 F 24-35, 1 F 36-54.

1850 Slave Schedule   Sumter, Sumter, SC
101 Slaves
:  40 M, 50 F, 22 M, 20 F, 18 M, 14 F, 10 M, 6 F, 30 M, 20 F, 4 F, 2 F, 30 M, 30 F, 10 F, 8 F, 6 F, 4 M, 2 F, 30 F, 10 M, 8 F, 6 F, 4 M, 3 M, 65 M, 45 M, 45 F, 25 F, 20 F, 18 F, 16 M, 10 M, 4 F, 26 F, 4 F, 2 M, 30 M, 20 F, 7 F Mulatto, 5 F, 3 M, 1 M, 26 M, 24 F, 4 M, 2 F, 1 F, 20 F, 20 F, 2 F, 1 F, 45 M, 45 F, 24 F, 18 F, 12 M, 8 F, 6 F, 2 F, 1 F, 30 M, 30 F, 12 F, 30 M, 30 F,  16 F, 14 F, 12 F, 8 F, 5 F, 3 M, 2 F, 80 M, 50 F, 23 F, 18 M, 14 M Idiot, 12 M, 10 M, 16 M, 29 M, 23 F, 4 M, 6 M, 2 M, 50 M, 40 F, 20 F, 16 M, 14 M, 10 F, 8 F, 6 F, 4 M, 35 M, 25 F, 17 M, 70 F, 70 M, 60 F

Robert's estate is dated 7 Dec 1857 with his brother William J Muldrow, Administrator.
16 Dec 1857 - Inventory and Appraisement for Robert Boyd Muldrow, Sumter Dist, SC
SC Wills and Probate Records 1670-1980
Estate Records, Bundles 139-141, 1784-1960
Appraisers:  Mat Poleayas[?], Samuel Cooper, Jas W Cooper, D McFaddin

Negro Men:

William (blacksmith)  $1100
Ceasar (tailor)  $1100
Sidney  $1100
Calmip/Calosn[?]  $1000
Harry  $1000
Prince  $1000
Chapman  $900
Herry/Herrey  $1000
Daniel  $1000
John  $1000
Tom  $1000
Frank  $900
January  $900
Elishy  $900
James  $900
Billy  $600
Ben  $600
Abel  $600
Sam  $575
George  $575
Henry  $550
Albert  $550
Walter  $550
Jack  $500
Chyrus  $400
Jonas  $600
Maw  $350
John (house servant)  $500
Will  $1000
Old man Cubit [?]  $50  & Child Charley (Diseased)  $1

Negro Women:

Delia & child Robert  $600
Dinah & child Ellerson  $600
Fanny  $300
Flora & child Melipa/Melya[?]  $900
Janet & child Eve  $900
Jane & child Jonas  $900
Isabella & child Laura  $900
Milly & child Louisa  $900
Moriah & child Levenia  $900
Aggy & child Louisa  $600
Eliza & child Hester  $600
Phosey & child Grandison  $500
Elizabeth  $900
Peggy  $900
Mary Ann (Cripple)  $50
Cilla  $200
Candice  $100
Delphina  $50
Hannah  $50
Bella  $50
Flora  $1  
Old Judy $1
Julian  $800
Jinsy  $800
Emeline  $800
Hannah  $800
Susannah  $800
Harriet  $800  
Rose  $800
Irene $800
Mary  $800
Polly  $800
Venus  $800

Negro Girls:

Amelia  $300
Sarah  $300
Kissey  $300
Katy  $300
Frances  $300
Becky  $275
Betty  $275
Binkey  $275
Sally  $225
Cornelia  $225
Minda  $225
Martha  $225

Negro Boys:

Isaac  $300
Sancho  $300
Noah  $300
Kelly  $300
Israel  $300
Mat  $275
Silas  $275
David  $275
Jack  $275
Ellic  $275
William  $225
Pompey  $225
Mosey  $225
Frank  $225


1865 Estate Taxed $1 for one carriage - Mayesville, SC

 

William James Wilson Muldrow was born 13 Apr 1823 and died 1896 in Sumter County, South Carolina.  He was the son of Dr Robert Muldrow 1786-1853 and Margaret Frierson Bradley 1794-1836.

William married Mary Elizabeth Montgomery who was born 5 Dec 1830 in South Carolina and died 25 Nov 1918 Near Mayesville, South Carolina.  She was the daughter of Joseph Pierson Montgomery 1793-1861 and Elizabeth McFaddin 1801-1837.  She was a sister of Janette Leonora Montgomery who married Robert Boyd Muldrow.

1850 Slave Schedule   Sumter, Sumter, SC
44 Slaves:
  50 M, 20 M, 2 M, 23 M, 1 M, 2 M, 1 M, 45 M, 16 M, 14 M, 12 M, 23 M, 50 M, 20 M, 30 M, 1 M, 27 M, 15 M, 13 M, 9 M, 25 M, 35 F, 18 F, 16 F, 21 F, 22 F, 30 F, 18 F, 18 F, 9 F, 7 F, 5 F, 1 F, 25 F, 7 F, 3 F, 27 F, 8 F, 6 F, 32 F, 1 F, 10 F, 7 F, 5 F.

William is listed twice in the Slave Schedules for 1860. Once for himself , plus "for 8 others" which are probably his brother Robert's heirs. Their plantations were right next to each other. William was the Administrator of his brother's estate.

1860 Slave Schedule   Sumter, Sumter, SC  -  William James Muldrow
110 Slaves;  25 Slave Houses:
  50 M, 42 F, 23 M, 22 F, 19 M, 18 F, 13 F, 9 M, 5 F, 4 F, 27 F, 5 M, 19 F, 50 M, 43 F, 23 F, 19 M, 16 F, 11 M, 8 M, 2 M, 70 M, 53 F, 47 F, 18 M, 16 M, 14 F, 9 M, 5 M, 60 M, 47 F, 15 M, 7 F, 3 M, 22 F, 7 F, 1 M, 35 M, 30 F, 12 M, 9 F, 7 F, 3 M, 1 M, 25 M, 19 F, 2 M, 50 M, 55 F, 90 M, 38 F, 15 F idiodic, 8 F, 5 M, 3 F, 27 M, 22 F, 7 F, 40 M, 35 F, 14 F, 12 M, 10 M, 10 M, 8 M, 6 F, 3 M, 30 M, 28 F, 12 M, 11 M, 8 M, 5 M, 2 M, 4/12 M, 22 M, 10 F, 8 M, 6 M, 4 F, 6/12 M, 26 M, 20 F, 4 M, 2 M, 1 M, 24 M, 21 F, 2 M, 4/12 M, 24 M, 23 F, 8 F, 5 M, 3 M, 1 M, 23 M, 18 F, 14 F, 12 F, 6 F, 25 M, 21 F, 1 F, 26 M, 21 F, 2 F, 34 M, 55 M.

1860 Slave Schedule   Sumter, Sumter, SC  - William J Muldrow "for 8 others"
116 Slaves;  30 Slave Houses
:  47 M, 40 F, 26 M, 23 F, 5 M, 3 F, 37 M, 25 F, 8 M, 7 F, 5  F, 2 M, 35 M, 30 F, 14 M, 10 F, 9 M, 6/12 F, 2 M, 30 F, 55 F, 42 M, 20 F, 15 F, 12 M, 11 M, 6 M, 43 M, 39 F, 20 M, 19 F, 16 F, 14 M, 10 M, 8 M, 6 F, 4 M, 2 M, 2 M, 28 M, 24 F, 8 F, 7 F, 6 F, 4 F, 2 M, 60 M, 58 F, 20 M, 18 F, 4/12 M, 70 F, 23 F, 8 M, 6 M, 70 M, 18 F, 50 M, 48 F, 18 F, 16 F, 13 M, 12 F, 10 F, 8 M, 6 M, 10 M, 50 F, 20 M, 15 F, 47 M, 40 F, 21 F, 16 F, 14 M, 10 F, 8 M, 6 M, 4 F, 2 M, 28 M, 24 F, 9 M, 6 F, 4 F, 1 F, 45 M, 50 F, 15 F, 20 M, 22 F, 9 F, 3 F, 1 M, 28 M, 23 F, 3 F, 1 F, 50 F, 16 F, 16 F, 10 M, 30 F, 13 F, 11 F, 9 M deaf & dumb, 5 M, 2 M, 20 M, 25 F, 4 M, 2 M, 8/12 M, 6/12 M, 65 M, 38 M.



Wednesday, February 1, 2023

Estate of L Ainsworth Naming Enslaved Mortgaged 1854, Hempstead County, Arkansas

From the Estate of Leon or Liam Ainsworth, last of Hempstead County, Arkansas, deceased.  Matthew Cheatham, Estate Adminstrator

List of the goods and chattel rights and credits of said Ainsworth decd:

Negro woman named Amy aged about 52

Negro girl named Mary aged about 11

Above named Negroes are under mortgage to Walker Cheatham and Co for the sum of $504.62 and interest thereon at the rate of 10 percent per annum from 1 Jan 1854.  Mortgage dated on the 20th day May 1854 and acknowledged on 22 May 1854.

Recorded 4 Dec 1858 in Hempstead County, AR

1834 Will of George W Keels Freeing Slaves in Williamsburg County, South Carolina

Will of George W Keels - Williamsburgh District, South Carolina
Written 17 Feb 1834

Item... I give and bequeath unto Elsy and her three children, Johnson, Frances and George, their freedom and also twenty head stock cattle, my stock hogs, the plantation or tract of land whereon they now reside and the household and kitchen furniture which on said plantation with a request that my Executors hereafter named shall endeavor to have their freedom established.

Item:  I give and bequeath unto my beloved daughter, Julia Susannah Keels, all the rest and residue of my Estate both real and personal.

Executors:  friends Morgan Sabb, Porter U Oliver and G Gamble.

Recorded 25 Feb 1834   Will Bk B pg 89  Williamsburg County, South Carolina.

Enslaved of Warren Arthur Muldrow and William Brockinton Including Names and Ages; Sumter and Williamsburg County SC; Hempstead County, Arkansas

Warren Arthur Muldrow was born 7 Aug 1821 in Sumter County, South Carolina and died 6 Sep 1858 in Ozan Township, Hempstead County Arkansas.  He was the son of Dr Robert Muldrow 1786-1853 and Margaret Frierson Bradley 1794-1836.  Robert Muldrow was the son of John Boyd McMuldrow Jr and Mary Ellison. Margaret Frierson Bradley was the daughter of Arthur Bradley 1772-1818 and Margaret Frierson 1773-1794.

Warren Arthur Muldrow married Martha Ann Brockington who was born 1826 in Williamsburg County, South Carolina and died after 1880 in Ozan Township, Hempstead County, Arkansas.  Martha was the daughter of William Scriven Brockington 1795-1832 and Louisa Eliza Robinson 1795-1851 [see below]

1850 Slave Schedule  Sumter, SC
28 Slaves: 20 M B, 6 F B, 9 F B, 26 M B, 50 M B, 26 M B, 24 M B, 22 M B, 48 F B, 4 M B, 17 F B, 12 M B, 19 M B, 8 F B, 6 M B, 1 M B, 20 F B, 2 F B, 9/12 F B, 50 F B, 16 M B, 15 M B, 11 M B, 60 M B, 21 F B, 2 F B, 48 M B, 45 M B .  

Warren and his family followed Warren's brother, George Cooper Muldrow to Arkansas. By 1858 Warren and Martha were in Hempstead County, Arkansas.  [George and his wife Sarah McFaddin left Sumter County and moved to Hempstead County, AR about 1854.]

Will of Warren Arthur Muldrow
Probate 30 Nov 1858  Hempstead County, AR - Administration Bonds Vol K-L, 1854-1863
[I have yet to see an actual copy of the will.]

Invoice of the goods, chattles, moneys, credit and effects belonging to the estate of Warren A Muldrow, Deceased, made on this 30 Nov 1858:

[Name  Age   Valuation]

Daphney  12  $5
Pompey  2  $1000
Jacob & illegible  80 & ?  $5/500
John  30  $1000
Susan  22  $800
Amy  75  $500
Hannah  30  $800
James  4  $200
Sambo 27  [blank]
Titus  10  $450
Elizabeth  2  $100
James/Janus  9  $300
Burgess 26  $1000
Sidney  5  $200
Jinny  50  $400
Sylvia  23  $700
Lucy  2  $100
Lina  41  $800
Celia  5  $200
Hamston  21  $1000
Amzi  7  $100
Celia 46  $500
Manigale  18  $900
Antony  26  $900
Nero  15  $700
Netty  20  $700
July  19  $1000
Margaret  10  $450
Bus/Ben?  14  $500
Doll  11  $500
Thomas  10  $500
Lydia  75  $500
Ginny  23  $800
Abner  82  $1200
Sidney  28  $1000
Jacob  30  $1000
Bina  25  $800
James  6  $250
Newton  86  $1000
Rachel  5  $200
Sarah  4  $225
Jack  2  $100
Charles  2  $175
Liny/Lony  23  $1000
Fortune  50  [blank]
Ely  21  $1000
Old Nero  56  $5
Doll  17  $800
Jenny /Juny  25  $950
Kate  27  $900
Mandisen  21  $1000
Margaret  6  $200
Mary  17  $825
Molly  2  $100
Fanny  50 [crossed out]  $50
Crissy  39  $500
Ben  33  $900
Selina  14  $500
Mike ?  18  [illegible]
Samuel  10  $450
Jane  15  $700
Elsey  10  $350
Milton  26  $1100
Washington  9  $100

6 Dec 1858 - Appraisement and Inventory of the enslaved and other personal property belonging to the Estate of Warren A Muldrow, deceased, was made by A G Stewart, Jas M Nelson, and JohnW Nelson.

John $1,000                    Daphany $5
Harriet $800                   Letus/Leters $450
Jane $300                       Sidney $200
Lucy $1000
July $1000                      Reese $500
Celia $500                      Antany $900
Thomas $500
Sidny $1000                   Bima/Bina $500
Rachel #200                   Jack $100
Elly $100                        Doll $500
Grandison $1000            Mary $825
Ben $900                        Sylvia $650
Selina $500                    Smart $450
Milton $1100                  Daniel $1000
Pompey $1000               Saider/Saidus $800
James $200                    Elizabeth $100
Jimmy/Jinny $1000         Lina $300
Hampton $1000
Manigant $900              Nero $700
Manigant $450
Lydia $5                        Chrissy $800   
Jacob $100
James $250                   Sarah $225
Charles $175                Fortune $50
Jiny $950                      Neale/Kale $700
Margaret $200
Mollly $100                   Fanny $50
Abby $500                   Mike? $500
Jane $700                    Washington $100
Elsay $850                   Amy  $07 ?
Jacob $5                      Sambo $400
Burgess $1000             Sylvia $700
Celia $200                   Ange $100
Betty $700                  Doll $500
Abner $1200
Newton $1000             Toney $1000
Old Nisa? $5

Total valuation of Slaves $87,195.00
Total value of personal estate in including livestock and equipment $38,848.75

1860 Slave Schedule  Ozan and Bois d'Arc, Hempstead, AR  -  Martha Brockinton Muldrow widow of Warren
Total of 60 Slaves with 8 Slave Houses: due to a mistake there are two listings and a note says exactly that on the census sheet.
12 Slaves:  80 F B, 60 F B, 60 M B, 50 M B, 35 M B, 28 M B, 26 M B, 24 M B, 22 M B, 20 M B, 28 M B, 50 F B,
**PLUS**
46 Slaves  8 Slave Houses
:  2 - 35 F B, 4 - 28 F B, 45 F B, 23 F B, 20 F B, 17 F B, 15 F B, 2 - 12 F B, 3  6 F B, 10 F B, 3 - 3 F B, 2 - 1 F B, 17 M B, 15 M B, 13 M B, 2 - 12 M B, 10 M B, 3 - 7 M B, 2 - 3 M B, 2 - 4/12 F B, 1 F B, 10/12 M B, 2 - 9/12 M Mulatto, 13 F B, 21 F B, 23 F B, 2 F B, 3 F B, 2 - 1 F B.

Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May and June 1866  -  Freedmen's Bureau Record: M A Muldrow and E Gantt
Report of lost time of Freedmen from Jan 1-July 1, 1866
Newton Muldrow   4 days
Jinney Muldrow   43
Janus Muldrow   18
Hampton Muldrow   10
Eliza Muldrow   44
Elly Muldrow   6
Doll Muldrow   35
Grandison Muldrow   4 1/2
Mary Muldrow   83
Burgess Muldrow   14 1/2
Sylvia Muldrow   50
Jack Muldrow   15
Emma Muldrow   25
Manssigualt James   19
Salina James   14 1/2
Antony Stuart   12
Martha Stuart   27
Ezekiel Stuart   18
July Muldrow   4 1/2
Nancy Muldrow   28
Benjamin Muldrow   8
Sylvia Muldrow   27 1/2
Smart Muldrow   26
Nero Muldrow   15
Reese Thomas   14
Margaret Muldrow   37
Jerry/Jinny Muldrow   5 1/2
Celia Muldrow   47
Titus Cooper   15
Jane Cooper   21
Rosetta McCoy   85
Tony Muldrow   3 1/2

1866 Martha paid tax on 10 bales of cotton. $147.48

1880 Martha is living with son Louis in Dwelling #520. Next door to Sooky Muldrow, 65 b SC, Black and Hilliard and Caroline Green, 28 and 45 both b AR, Black. A few houses down in #523 Manigo Muldrow family (39 Black) #525 Henry Bradley family (26 Black), #526 Pompey Muldrow family (48 Black; wife Suson 49] #529 Jack Muldrow family (22 Black, wife Bettie 49) #530 Smart Muldrow family (33 Black, wife Virginia 20) #531 James Bradley family (29 Black wife Martha 24) #534 Nero Muldrow family (36 Black, wife Cornelia 27)


Martha's father, William Scriven Brockinton was born 19 Sep 1795 in Darlington, South Carolina and died 12 Nov 1832 in Williamsburg District, South Carolina.  He was the son of John Brockinton 1757-1801 and Martha Screven Fowler 1757-1825.

William Brockinton married Louisa Eliza Robinson who was born 27 Dec 1794 in South Carolina and died 25 Mar 1851/54 in Williamsburg District, South Carolina.  She married #1 Thomas Scott. 

1820 Census  Williamsburg, SC
4 Slaves:  2 M 26-44, 1 M 45+, 1 F 14-25.

1830 Census Williamsburg, SC
49 Slaves:  11 M under 10, 4 M 10-23, 1 M 24-35, 4 M 36-54, 2 M 55-99, 10 F under 10, 12 F 10-23, 3 F 24-35, 2 F 36-54.

Will of William S Brockinton, Planter -  Williamsburg Dist, SC
Will written 7 Sep 1832

1. [Land orig belonging to his father to his brother John]
2.  Whereas I owe a standing debt to William Burrows something the risk of a thousand dollars together with some other small debts about in the country this is therefore to authorise and impower my Executrix and Executors to sell Negro Woman Nancy and her two children Jack and Maria and Negro Boy Harry in order to satisfy the debts above mentioned.
3.  ... wife Louisa E Brockinton... Negro man Jim, Daphney, little Jim, Antrum, Lucy, Harriet, Diana, Sambo, George, Venus, Tillah, Harriet, Jockey, likewise two beds....
4. ... the tract of land on which I now reside to my beloved wife to hold... during her natural life... and that the Negro Slaves composing my Estate together with the legacy above named to my said wife, shall work and cultivate the lands to the benefit of all.
5.  ... balance of my Personal Estate not already particularly disposed of to my six children John Fowler, William Roberson, James Scriven, Burrows Pressley, Caroine Matilda, and Martha Ann Brockinton share and share alike ...
Executors: wife Louisa E Brockinton, sons John and William when they shall have arrived at the age of twenty one, my friend Samuel R Mouzon and my three nephews William burrows, John B Pressley and James F Pressley
Witnesses:  W R Burgess, R G Ferrell, Eliza Dollard
Added codicil about land on 25 Oct 1832 - witnesses: D R Witherspoon, John Kinder, W H Mouzon
Recorded in Will Bk B pg 84  Williamsburg Dist, SC

1840 Census Williamsburg SC  Eliza Brockinton widow of William
64 Slaves:  15 M under 10, 9 M 10-23, 6 M 24-35, 3 M 36-54, 1 M 55-99, 8 F under 10, 10 F 10-23, 7 F 24-35, 3 F 36-54, 2 F 55-99.

22 Jul 1850  Agriculture Schedule Williamsburg Co SC - Eliza Brockinton widow of William
1200 acres. Value of farm $3,000.  7 horses 5 mules 15 milk cows, 30 cattle, 15 sheep, 60 swine. Value of livestock $650. Bushels of Indian corn 960, pounds of rice 1200.

1850 Slaved Schedule  Williamsburg SC   Eliza Brockinton widow of William
40 Slaves:  59 M, 57 M, 40 M, 35 F, 39 F, 19 F, 14 M, 12 F, 10 M, 8 F, 4 M, 3 F, 17 M, 15 M, 12 M, 9 M, 7 M, 5 M, 3 F, 25 F, 18 F, 56 F, 60 F, 35 M, 27 M, 23 F, 1 F, 20 F, 2 M, 1 F, 35 M, 60 F, 30 F, 16 M, 10 M, 6 M, 3 M, 1 M, 26 M, 6/12 F